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ADVTECH LIMITED - Interim Results for the six months ended 30 June 2016

Release Date: 22/08/2016 08:00
Code(s): ADH     PDF:  
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Interim Results for the six months ended 30 June 2016

ADvTECH Limited ("ADvTECH"or "the group")
(Incorporated in the Republic of South Africa)
Registration number: 1990/001119/06
JSE code: ADH ISIN number: ZAE 0000 31035
Income taxation number: 9550/190/71/5

www.advtech.co.za

Interim Results for the six months ended 30 June 2016

Accelerated growth Academic excellence

Revenue up 28%
Trading operating profit up 33%
Normalised earnings per share up 24%
Interim dividend per share 13.5 cents

Condensed consolidated statement of profit or loss
for the six months ended 30 June 2016
                                                                                                                 Unaudited     Unaudited         Audited
                                                                                                                  6 months      6 months    12 months to
                                                                                                 Percentage     to 30 June    to 30 June     31 December
R'm                                                                                      Notes     increase           2016          2015            2015

Revenue                                                                                                 28%        1 637.8       1 277.7         2 707.7

Earnings before Interest, Taxation, Depreciation and Amortisation (EBITDA)                              40%          357.0         254.4           557.9

Operating profit before interest                                                                        44%          293.2         203.0           448.3
Net finance costs paid                                                                                               (31.5)        (50.6)         (119.7)
 
 Interest received                                                                                                     4.2           5.3             7.1
 Finance costs                                                                                                       (35.7)        (55.9)         (126.8)

Profit before taxation                                                                                  72%          261.7         152.4           328.6
Taxation                                                                                                             (73.0)        (47.8)         (102.5)

Profit for the period                                                                                   80%          188.7         104.6           226.1

Profit for the period attributable to:
Owners of the parent                                                                                                 188.5         104.6           224.9
Non-controlling interest                                                                                               0.2             -             1.2
                                                                                                                     188.7         104.6           226.1
Earnings per share (cents)
Basic*                                                                                                  48%           36.3          24.6            50.2
Diluted                                                                                                 47%           36.2          24.6            50.2

Headline earnings                                                                            2                       189.6         104.4           228.4

Headline earnings per share (cents)
Basic*                                                                                                  48%           36.5          24.6            51.0
Diluted                                                                                                 49%           36.4          24.5            51.0

Normalised earnings                                                                          3                       165.4         109.2           241.5

Normalised earnings per share (cents)
Basic*                                                                                                  24%           31.9          25.7            53.9
Diluted                                                                                                 24%           31.8          25.7            53.9

Number of shares in issue (million)                                                                                  530.8         455.0           530.8
Number of shares in issue net of treasury shares (million)                                                           519.4         442.2           519.2
Weighted average number of shares for purposes of basic earnings per share (million)*                                519.3         424.4           447.8
Weighted average number of shares for purposes of diluted earnings per share (million)*                              520.9         425.7           447.8

Net asset value per share including treasury shares (cents)                                             53%          443.7         289.8           424.7
Net asset value per share net of treasury shares (cents)                                                52%          453.4         298.2           434.2
Free operating cash flow before capex per share (cents)                                                 14%           97.2          85.6            75.5
Gross dividends per share (cents)                                                                        8%           13.5          12.5            29.5



Condensed consolidated statement of other comprehensive income
for the six months ended 30 June 2016
                                                                                                                 Unaudited     Unaudited         Audited
                                                                                                                  6 months      6 months    12 months to
                                                                                                                to 30 June    to 30 June     31 December
R'm                                                                                                                   2016          2015            2015

Profit for the period                                                                                                188.7         104.6           226.1

Other comprehensive income, net of income tax
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss
  Exchange differences on translating foreign operations                                                              (1.7)            -            11.9

Total comprehensive income for the period                                                                            187.0         104.6           238.0

Total comprehensive income for the period attributable to:
Owners of the parent                                                                                                 186.9         104.6           237.1
Non-controlling interest                                                                                               0.1             -             0.9
                                                                                                                     187.0         104.6           238.0

* Earnings per share, headline earnings per share and normalised earnings per share for the period ended 30 June 2015 have been adjusted downwards
  by 0.7 cents. This is due to the retrospective adjustment of the 2015 rights offer undertaken. The adjustment to the basic and diluted weighted average
  number of shares in issue for the period ended 30 June 2015 is an increase of 11.3 million and 11.4 million shares respectively due to the bonus element
  contained within the rights offer.



Condensed consolidated statement of changes in equity
for the six months ended 30 June 2016
                                                                                                                 Unaudited     Unaudited        Audited
                                                                                                                  6 months      6 months   12 months to
                                                                                                                to 30 June    to 30 June    31 December
R'm                                                                                                                   2016          2015           2015

Balance at beginning of the period                                                                                 2 254.5         928.8          928.8
 Total comprehensive income for the period                                                                           187.0         104.6          238.0
 Dividends declared to shareholders                                                                                  (90.3)        (61.6)        (117.1)
 Share-based payment expense                                                                                           2.8           1.7            3.8
 Shares issued                                                                                                           -         333.4          336.4
 Rights issue                                                                                                            -             -          850.0
 Share issue costs                                                                                                       -             -          (15.2)
 Share options exercised                                                                                               1.0          11.9           19.5
 Non-controlling interest arising on acquisition                                                                         -             -           10.3

Balance at end of the period                                                                                       2 355.0       1 318.8        2 254.5



Condensed consolidated segmental report
for the six months ended 30 June 2016
                                                                                                      Unaudited        Unaudited         Audited
                                                                                    Percentage         6 months         6 months    12 months to
                                                                                      increase/      to 30 June       to 30 June     31 December
R'm                                                                                  (decrease)            2016             2015            2015

Revenue                                                                                    28%          1 637.8          1 277.7         2 707.7
 
 Schools                                                                                   20%            822.3            682.9         1 432.0
 Tertiary                                                                                  20%            592.7            492.4           981.5
 Resourcing                                                                               116%            224.1            103.9           296.9
 Intra group revenue                                                                                       (1.3)            (1.5)           (2.7)

Operating profit before interest                                                           44%            293.2            203.0           448.3
 
 Schools                                                                                   25%            164.4            131.8           298.8
 Tertiary                                                                                  57%            100.3             63.8           134.0
 Resourcing                                                                               (30%)             8.5             12.2            29.1
 Litigation settlement                                                                                     23.5                -               -
 Corporate action costs                                                                                    (0.8)            (4.5)          (12.2)
 Litigation                                                                                                (2.7)            (0.3)           (1.4)

Property, plant and equipment and proprietary technology systems                           10%          2 686.7          2 438.4         2 593.4
 
 Schools                                                                                    8%          2 089.4          1 939.2         2 032.8
 Tertiary                                                                                  19%            589.9            494.4           552.7
 Resourcing                                                                                54%              7.4              4.8             7.9



Condensed consolidated statement of financial position
as at 30 June 2016
                                                                                     Unaudited       Unaudited           Audited
                                                                                       30 June         30 June       31 December
R'm                                                                                       2016            2015              2015

Assets
Non-current assets                                                                     3 981.0         3 727.2           3 894.2

 Property, plant and equipment                                                         2 637.0         2 386.0           2 538.6
 Proprietary technology systems                                                           49.7            52.4              54.8
 Goodwill                                                                              1 085.3         1 084.5           1 085.3
 Intangible assets                                                                       197.0           192.3             203.5
 Investment                                                                               12.0            12.0              12.0

Current assets                                                                           533.8           354.2             408.5

 Trade and other receivables                                                             285.2           233.6             193.0
 Other current assets                                                                     54.5            60.0              39.3
 Bank balances and cash                                                                  194.1            60.6             176.2

Total assets                                                                           4 514.8         4 081.4           4 302.7
Equity and liabilities
Equity                                                                                 2 355.0         1 318.8           2 254.5

Non-current liabilities                                                                  813.2           118.3             899.1

 Long-term bank loans                                                                    774.8            64.6             801.1
 Deferred taxation liability                                                              38.4            53.7              98.0

Current liabilities                                                                    1 346.6         2 644.3           1 149.1

 Current portion of long-term bank loans                                                  11.7            10.2              16.8
 Short-term bank loans                                                                   315.0         1 670.0             515.2
 Trade and other payables                                                                345.8           328.9             329.1
 Taxation                                                                                 69.2            56.4              11.7
 Fees received in advance and deposits                                                   604.9           578.8             276.3

Total liabilities                                                                      2 159.8         2 762.6           2 048.2

Total equity and liabilities                                                           4 514.8         4 081.4           4 302.7


Condensed consolidated statement of cash flows
for the six months ended 30 June 2016
                                                                                     Unaudited       Unaudited           Audited
                                                                                      6 months        6 months      12 months to
                                                                     Percentage     to 30 June      to 30 June       31 December
R'm                                                          Note      increase           2016            2015              2015

Cash generated from operations                                  4           42%          361.8           255.2             555.8
Movement in working capital                                                              247.8           205.6               1.7

Cash generated by operating activities                                      32%          609.6           460.8             557.5
Net finance costs paid                                                                   (31.5)          (50.6)           (119.7)
Taxation paid                                                                            (74.9)          (47.3)            (98.3)
Dividends paid                                                                           (90.2)          (61.5)           (116.9)

Net cash inflow from operating activities                                                413.0           301.4             222.6
Net cash outflow from investing activities                                              (153.2)       (1 526.6)         (1 340.4)
Net cash (outflow)/inflow from financing activities                                     (241.7)        1 172.0           1 180.2

Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents                                      18.1           (53.2)             62.4
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period                                     176.2           113.8             113.8
Net foreign exchange differences on cash and cash equivalents                             (0.2)              -                 -

Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period                                           194.1            60.6             176.2



Free operating cash flow before capex per share
for the six months ended 30 June 2016
                                                                                                     Unaudited    Unaudited        Audited
                                                                                                      6 months     6 months   12 months to
                                                                                      Percentage    to 30 June   to 30 June    31 December
R'm                                                                                     increase          2016         2015           2015

Profit for the period                                                                                    188.7        104.6          226.1
Adjusted for non-cash IFRS and lease adjustments (after taxation)                                          3.6          2.0           (2.8)

Net operating profit after taxation - adjusted for non-cash IFRS and lease adjustments                   192.3        106.6          223.3
Depreciation and amortisation                                                                             63.8         51.4          109.6
Other non-cash flow items (after taxation)                                                                 1.1         (0.2)           3.5

Operating cash flow after taxation                                                           63%         257.2        157.8          336.4
Movement in working capital                                                                              247.8        205.6            1.7

Free operating cash flow before capex                                                        39%         505.0        363.4          338.1

Weighted average number of shares for purposes of basic earnings per share (million)*                    519.3        424.4          447.8
Free operating cash flow before capex per share (cents)                                      14%          97.2         85.6           75.5



Supplementary information
for the six months ended 30 June 2016
                                                                                                     Unaudited    Unaudited        Audited
                                                                                                      6 months     6 months   12 months to
                                                                                                    to 30 June   to 30 June    31 December
R'm                                                                                                       2016         2015           2015

Capital expenditure - current period                                                                     153.6        202.7          406.1

Capital commitments                                                                                    1 219.0      1 329.9        1 566.7
 
 Authorised by directors and contracted for                                                              236.8        227.2          256.4
 Authorised by directors and not yet contracted for                                                      982.2      1 102.7        1 310.3

Anticipated timing of spend                                                                            1 219.0      1 329.9        1 566.7
 
 0 - 2 years                                                                                             392.8        635.6          598.9
 3 - 5 years                                                                                             315.7        218.6          419.2
 more than 5 years                                                                                       510.5        475.7          548.6

Operating lease commitments in cash - future years                                                       338.6        354.8          383.9



Notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements
for the six months ended 30 June 2016

1.   Statement of compliance
     The condensed consolidated interim financial statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standard,
     IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting, the SAICA Financial Reporting Guides as issued by the Accounting Practices Committee and Financial
     Pronouncements as issued by Financial Reporting Standards Council and the requirements of the Companies Act of South Africa. The
     accounting policies applied in the preparation of these interim financial statements are in terms of International Financial Reporting
     Standards and are consistent with those applied in the previous annual financial statements.

     The preparation of the condensed consolidated interim financial results for the six months ended 30 June 2016 was supervised by
     Didier Oesch CA(SA), the group's financial director.

     These interim results have not been audited or reviewed.

     No financial instruments were required to be restated to fair value.
                                                                                                     Unaudited    Unaudited        Audited
                                                                                                      6 months     6 months   12 months to
                                                                                                    to 30 June   to 30 June    31 December
     R'm                                                                                                  2016         2015           2015

2.   Determination of headline earnings
     Profit for the period attributable to owners of the parent                                          188.5        104.6          224.9
     Items excluded from headline earnings per share                                                       1.1         (0.2)           3.5

      Loss/(profit) on sale of property, plant and equipment                                               1.5         (0.3)           4.9
      Taxation effects of adjustments                                                                     (0.4)         0.1           (1.4)

     Headline earnings                                                                                   189.6        104.4          228.4

3.   Determination of normalised earnings
     Headline earnings                                                                                   189.6        104.4          228.4
     Items excluded from normalised earnings per share                                                   (24.2)         4.8           13.1

      Litigation costs                                                                                     2.7          0.3            1.4
      Corporate action costs                                                                               0.8          4.5           12.2
      Litigation settlement
      - Settlement received                                                                              (18.0)           -              -
      - Reversal of provision for counterclaim                                                            (5.5)           -              -
      - Reversal of interest on provision for counterclaim                                                (5.5)           -              -
     Taxation effects of adjustments                                                                       1.3            -           (0.5)

     Normalised earnings                                                                                 165.4        109.2          241.5

4.   Note to the condensed statement of cash flows
     Reconciliation of profit before taxation to cash generated from operations
     Profit before taxation                                                                              261.7        152.4          328.6
     Adjust for non-cash IFRS and other adjustments (before taxation)                                      3.3          1.1           (7.0)
                                                                                                         265.0        153.5          321.6
     Adjust:                                                                                              96.8        101.7          234.2

      Depreciation and amortisation                                                                       63.8         51.4          109.6
      Net finance costs paid                                                                              31.5         50.6          119.7
      Other non-cash flow items                                                                            1.5         (0.3)           4.9

     Cash generated from operations                                                                      361.8        255.2          555.8

5.   Events after reporting period
     Effective 1 July 2016 ADvTECH acquired 100% of Capsicum Culinary Studio (Pty) Ltd and 51% of Oxbridge Academy (Pty) Ltd.

     On 20 July 2016 ADvTECH issued 13.6 million shares at 14.01 per share amounting to R190 million to the International Finance Corporation
     (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group.



Commentary

Overview

The directors are pleased to announce excellent results, continuing the trend of strong performance from the business as it pursues its growth strategy. Both
the schools and tertiary divisions performed well with revenue growth and operating profit up, respectively. The resourcing division profits declined due to
the uncertain economy, though revenue increased as a result of the recent acquisitions.

The condensed consolidated statement of profit or loss excluding the benefit of the settlement of the long standing litigation matter with the Welihockyj's
presented below reflects the excellent trading results.

                                                                                                            Unaudited    Unaudited         Audited
                                                                                                             6 months     6 months    12 months to
                                                                                            Percentage     to 30 June   to 30 June     31 December
R'm                                                                                           increase           2016         2015            2015

Revenue                                                                                            28%        1 637.8      1 277.7         2 707.7

Earnings before Interest, Taxation, Depreciation and Amortisation (EBITDA)                         31%          333.5        254.4           557.9

Operating profit before interest                                                                   33%          269.7        203.0           448.3
Net finance costs paid                                                                                          (37.0)       (50.6)         (119.7)

 Interest received                                                                                                4.2          5.3             7.1
 Finance costs                                                                                                  (41.2)       (55.9)         (126.8)

Profit before taxation                                                                             53%          232.7        152.4           328.6
Taxation                                                                                                        (71.5)       (47.8)         (102.5)

Profit for the period                                                                              54%          161.2        104.6           226.1

Group revenue increased by 28% while trading operating profit grew by 33% indicating continued operating margin improvement.

Strong enrolment growth highlighted in the table below translated into revenue increases of 20% in both the schools and tertiary divisions. The bulk of
enrolment growth in the previous year was driven by planned and organic expansion.

ADvTECH enrolment growth as at end February

                                                                                      2014       2015   % increase       2016   % increase
Schools total enrolments                                                            13 541     23 721          75%     25 062           6%
Tertiary full qualification enrolments                                              20 113     24 332          21%     29 138          20%

Group total                                                                         33 654     48 053          43%     54 200          13%

A decrease in financing costs following the rights issue in 2015 and a steady effective taxation rate increased trading profit after taxation by 54% to
R161 million. Due to the increased number of shares in issue, the normalised earnings per share increased by 24% to 31.9 cents (2015: 25.7 cents).

Cash generated by operating activities, including the benefit of the litigation settlement, amounting to R610 million enabled the payment of capex of
R154 million, finance costs of R32 million, taxation of R75 million and dividends of R90 million, while free operating cash flow grew by 39% to R505 million.
The debtors' book has been well managed and we continue to place a strong emphasis on collections while being mindful and understanding of the consumer in this 
challenging economic climate. Following the rights issue late in 2015, net borrowings has reduced to R907 million whilst the net asset value increased to 
453.4 cents (2015: 298.2 cents) per share.

Continual upward growth trajectory for schools division

Contributing 50% of group revenue the schools division increased revenue by 20% to R822 million. Operating profit grew by 25% to R164 million with the
operating margin increasing from 19% to 20%. The division continues to reap the benefits of recent acquisitions with the Maravest contributions being
included for the first half of the year compared to being reflected for only two months in the corresponding period last year.

Being a leader in the premium independent schools sector, the schools division has also had success in the expansion into the mid-fee segments. The
division now consists of 81 (2015: 76) schools across 43 campuses under the brands: Abbotts College, ADvTECH Academies, Centurus Colleges,
CrawfordSchools(TM), Junior Colleges, Maravest Group and Trinityhouse.

Following on from the acquisition of Summit College, which is yet to be consolidated in the group's results, and the opening of Founders Hill College in
January 2016, as well as Copperleaf College which will open under the ADvTECH Academies umbrella in January 2017. The overall growth for the division
including the new schools and acquisitions is expected to continue at a steady pace in line with our growth strategy.

Schools capacity as at the end of February

                                                                                                              2014       2015       2016
Students enrolled ('000)                                                                                      13.5       23.7       25.1
Existing building capacity ('000)                                                                             16.0       28.2       29.9
% Existing building capacity utilised                                                                          84%        84%        84%
Ultimate potential site capacity ('000)                                                                       20.5       35.4       38.0
% Ultimate potential site capacity utilised                                                                    66%        67%        66%

The table above demonstrates the sustained increase in capacity being created in order to cater for continued demand for places in our schools. This also
illustrates the extent of capacity that is to be added to existing sites to reach their ultimate capacity.

Tertiary division reaps benefits and continues to grow

The tertiary division contributed 36% of group revenue growing by 20% to R593 million through organic student growth. Operating profit grew 57% to R100
million with operating margin increasing from 13% to 17%, continuing its significant improvement.

The tertiary division includes the Independent Institute of Education (IIE) which operates Rosebank College, Vega, The Design School Southern Africa, Varsity
College (including The Business School at Varsity College) and Forbes Lever Baker (FLB). The division has a national urban footprint of 20 DHET registered
campuses with an institutional structure that ensures academic leadership and governance.

The successful launch of the digitally enabled Rosebank College Campus in Polokwane presented an exciting new format of blended learning making quality
qualifications accessible to more students. This platform is scalable and introduces opportunities for distance learning into new markets.

With this strong performance, the tertiary division is now well placed to enable the second phase of its growth strategy which is to introduce new niche
qualifications that provide career opportunities and growth into the distance education sector.

Resourcing division maintains market share in a static economy

The resourcing division contributed 14% to group revenue and grew by 116% to R224 million as a result of acquisitions. Due to the tough trading environment
operating profit declined by 30% to R9 million with operating margins down from 12% to 4%, mainly due to the inclusion of the acquisitions which is a lower
margin business model. However, the division continued to hold its own, retaining its market share in existing brands despite the stagnant economy and the
growing unemployment rate in South Africa, while increasing its presence through the acquisitions.

Comprising permanent and temporary staffing solutions as well as recruitment advertising, e-Recruitment, payroll solutions and advertising response handling
the resourcing division's portfolio of brands include: Brent Personnel, Cassel & Company, CA Global, Africa HR Solutions Ltd, Contract Accountants, Communicate
Personnel, Inkokheli HR Appointments, Insource.ICT, IT Edge, Network Recruitment, Tech-Pro Personnel and The Working Earth.

Corporate events after the reporting period

The International Finance Corporation's (IFC) R320 million investment in ADvTECH demonstrates support for the group's expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa to
increase its schools and tertiary education programs. The IFC acquired a 2.5% equity stake in ADvTECH through the issue of shares for R190 million and a further
1.6% of ADvTECH's shares in the market bringing its combined holdings to around 4% of the group. This investment is part of a partnership aimed at supporting
ADvTECH's existing plans for considered expansion into new African markets.

The tertiary division acquired Capsicum Culinary School and a stake in Oxbridge Academy with effect from 1 July 2016, strengthening our position in the tertiary
sector.

Capsicum Culinary Studio is the largest culinary school of its kind in South Africa offering local and international accredited programmes and endorsed by the
highly acclaimed City & Guilds and World Association of Chefs Societies, with approximately 600 full-time students across six campuses nationally. Through this
acquisition ADvTECH can now provide further career development opportunities and much needed skills to the South African market.

ADvTECH has acquired a 51% stake in Oxbridge Academy which is positioned in the rapidly growing distance learning sector, in which 40% of tertiary students
are engaged. This partnership introduces a wide variety of qualifications and 20 000 distance education students to the group and provides a platform on which
to expand our distance education offering.

Declaration of interim dividend no 14

The group's expansion plans that will continue to roll out over the next few years require significant funding. With this in mind, the board believe it to be prudent
to increase the dividend cover as previously signalled and has therefore decided to announce the declaration of an interim gross dividend of 13.5 cents
(2015: 12.5 cents) per ordinary share in respect of the half year ended to 30 June 2016.

This is a dividend as defined in the Income Tax Act, 1962, and is payable from income reserves. The South African Dividend Taxation (DT) rate is 15%. The net
amount per share payable to shareholders who are not exempt from DT is 11.475 cents per share, while it is 13.5 cents per share to those shareholders who are
exempt from DT.

There are 544 386 530 ordinary shares in issue. The total dividend amount payable is R73 million.

The salient dates and times applicable to the dividend referred to above are as follows:

                                                                                                                          2016

Publication of declaration and finalisation information                                                      Monday, 22 August
Last day to trade in order to participate in the dividend                                                 Tuesday, 6 September
Trading commences ex-dividend                                                                           Wednesday, 7 September
Record date                                                                                                Friday, 9 September
Payment date                                                                                              Monday, 12 September

Share certificates may not be dematerialised between Wednesday, 7 September 2016 and Friday, 9 September 2016, both days inclusive.

Directorate

There have been no changes to the directorate for the six months ended 30 June 2016.

CC Koopman was appointed as company secretary with effect from 1 August 2016.

Prospects

As mentioned at year-end, the board and management have agreed a stretch target of 100 cents normalised earnings per share by 2018. Given approved
investment and the new opportunities identified, the board believes this is achievable provided there is no further deterioration in the operating climate.

These results are in line with the achievement of this stretch target. The group continues to make good progress in growing its leading market position,
increasing its presence in mid-fee schools, identifying acquisition and partnership opportunities in both South Africa and the rest of the continent, and expansion
of our delivery model through technology-enabled education including blended and distance learning.

On behalf of the board

Chris Boulle                       Roy Douglas                                             Didier Oesch
Chairman                           Chief executive officer                                 Group financial director
22 August 2016

Directors: CH Boulle* (Chairman), RJ Douglas (CEO), JDR Oesch (Financial), BM Gourley*, JD Jansen*, SC Masie*, KDM Warburton*, SA Zinn*
*Non-executive

Group company secretary: CC Koopman

Registered office: ADvTECH House, Inanda Greens, 54 Wierda Road West, Wierda Valley, Sandton 2196.
Transfer secretaries: Link Market Services South Africa (Pty) Ltd, Rennie House, 19 Ameshoff Street, Braamfontein 2017.
Sponsor and corporate advisors: Bridge Capital Advisors (Pty) Ltd, 27 Fricker Road, Illovo 2196.

Date: 22/08/2016 08:00:00 Produced by the JSE SENS Department. The SENS service is an information dissemination service administered by the JSE Limited ('JSE'). 
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