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NPN - Naspers - Summary of the audited results of the Naspers group for the

Release Date: 27/06/2011 09:00
Code(s): NPN
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NPN - Naspers - Summary of the audited results of the Naspers group for the year ended 31 March 2011 Naspers Limited (Registration Number: 1925/001431/06) ("Naspers") ISIN: ZAE000015889 JSE Share code: NPN LSE Share code: NPSN PROVISIONAL REPORT Summary of the audited results of the Naspers group for the year ended 31 March 2011 Commentary The group achieved a solid performance over the past year. Consolidated revenues grew by 18% and core headline earnings were up 13%. These results were underpinned by a diversified portfolio and a strong balance sheet. Major areas of growth were the internet and pay-television businesses. Worldwide the internet industry continued its expansion from which most of our internet businesses benefited. The resilience of our pay-television operations in an increasingly competitive environment underscores the benefit of quality content, although rising costs place margins under pressure. Our print media business experienced a limited recovery in advertising revenues, whilst the technology business was able to improve margins. Over the past year the group continued to expand, as evidenced by growth in revenues. Although nuances shift gradually, the growth strategy continues to have three legs: organic growth of existing businesses, pursuing acquisitions and developing new technologies. Recent experience is that internet valuations, in our opinion, have become inflated and good value is difficult to find these days. As a consequence, we are focusing somewhat more on growing our businesses organically and on developing new technologies. This may dampen earnings in the year ahead as the cost of developing these businesses are expensed through the income statement. However, we believe this strategy is sound and will stimulate long-term growth prospects. This statement has not been reviewed or reported on by the company`s auditors. FINANCIAL REVIEW Over the past year consolidated revenues expanded by 18% to R33bn. Consolidated internet revenues were up 36%, whilst growth of the subscriber base saw pay-television revenues 19% higher. Consolidated trading profit, which includes finance cost on transponder leases, but excludes amortisation of intangible assets (other than software), and other gains/losses, lifted 7% to R5,8bn. The reduction in margins was largely the result of higher costs in the pay-television business. Net interest cost on cash and loans increased from R286m last year to R575m, the result of funding investments with debt. Our core earnings from equity-accounted associates grew to R3,6bn, mostly from strong performances at Tencent and Mail.ru Group. The reported dilution gains of R1,5bn are solely theoretical, arising mainly from the contribution of the group`s stake in Mail.ru into the newly listed entity. The net result of the above is core headline earnings of R6bn - an increase of 13% on the prior year. This earnings performance delivered positive free cash flows of R4bn. Our funding structure remains sound with total consolidated net debt, excluding satellite leases, of R3,9bn. This represents a net debt: equity ratio of 10%. Corporate activities for the year include: - The group consolidated its internet interests in Russia, acquiring a 29% interest in Digital Sky Technologies (DST) by contributing existing assets and cash. DST was renamed Mail.ru Group and listed on the London Stock Exchange in November 2010. - The group issued a seven-year US$700m bond, with a coupon rate of 6,375%. The proceeds were used to partly pay down an offshore revolving credit facility (RCF). - During March the group refinanced its RCF. Capacity was increased to US$2bn and the term extended to 2016. The facilities bear interest at US LIBOR plus 1,75% before commitment and utilisation fees. During the period the group impaired R1bn of goodwill and intangible assets, mainly at Gadu-Gadu, where growth has lagged. SEGMENTAL REVIEW This segmental review includes our consolidated subsidiaries, plus the proportional consolidation of associated companies. Pay television The past year was characterised by lively subscriber growth, with 977 000 subscribers added to the base. This was largely driven by the Fifa 2010 World Cup, coupled with decoder subsidies and marketing. As a consequence, revenue increased 19% to R21bn. Trading margins were lower due to cost pressures from growing the subscriber base, higher sport content costs and competition. Good progress was made in increasing local content and skills. In South Africa the gross base expanded by 637 000 to 3,5 million subscribers. The lower-priced Compact bouquet accounted for 59% of the growth. Television advertising revenues rebounded, growing 32%. In the rest of sub-Saharan Africa our base grew by 340 000 to 1,4 million subscribers. The lower-priced Compact/Family bouquets now reach 602 000 families. Trading margins were reduced by a higher investment in decoder subsidies, local and sport content and additional satellite capacity. Competition is expected to intensify across the continent and the regulatory environment remains uncertain. After a period of uncertainty, the Southern African Development Community selected the DVB-T2 digital video broadcast standard to migrate analogue terrestrial services to digital terrestrial television (DTT). Internet Overall the internet segment reported revenue growth of 47% and trading profits rose 48%. In China, Tencent recorded another strong set of results in an increasingly competitive market. Rapid growth of the internet industry in China enabled Tencent, through its focus on user experience, to further expand the usefulness of its core platforms. Our share of Tencent revenues was R7,2bn and trading profit R3,5bn. The QQ platforms now manage 674 million active instant messaging (IM) user accounts and 137 million peak simultaneous users. The social service, QZone, also grew well with current user accounts of 504 million. The Russian internet market remains lively and Mail.ru Group maintained market share in most segments. They are the leading providers of services to internet consumers in Russian speaking markets. Buoyed by a rebound in online advertising, our share of Mail.ru Group`s reported revenues was R657m and a trading profit of R157m. In aggregate, the other internet businesses reported revenue growth of 37% and a marginal trading loss of R6m, the result of increased development costs. The e-commerce operations of Allegro (Eastern Europe) and Ricardo (Western Europe) continued expanding healthily. Both businesses broadened their product offerings through organic growth and smaller bolt-on acquisitions. In Latin America, our e-commerce business, BuscaPe, continued to deepen its services and broaden its revenue base. The acquisition of the classified platform, OLX, strengthened our product range in this market. Print media Our operations in South Africa showed revenue growth of 9%, with advertising improving only modestly. Trading profits declined in part due to the troublesome implementation of a new enterprise resource planning system. In Brazil, Abril`s revenue and operating profit, excluding the educational business sold during the prior year, grew 14% on the back of a buoyant economy. Technology Consolidated revenues in local currency grew 10% and operating performance improved as Irdeto benefited from efficient management of its products and structure. Over 18 million conditional access units were delivered, a 17% increase on the previous year. In most product categories new clients were added and new offerings introduced, which positions Irdeto to secure internet distributed digital assets and content. DIVIDEND NUMBER 82 The board recommends that the annual dividend be increased by 15% to 270c (previously 235c) per listed N ordinary share, and 54c (previously 47c) per unlisted A ordinary share. If approved by shareholders atthe annual general meeting to be held on 26 August 2011, dividends will be payable to shareholders recorded in the books on Friday 23 September 2011, and will be paid on Monday 26 September 2011. The last date to trade cum dividend will be on Friday 16 September 2011. (The shares will therefore trade ex dividend from Monday 19 September 2011.) Share certificates may not be dematerialised or rematerialised between Monday 19 September 2011 and Friday 23 September 2011, both dates inclusive. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The impact of the new South African Companies Act and the implementation of the King Report on Governance for South Africa 2009 (King III) consumed time over the past year. Where appropriate for the group, the necessary changes to our governance policies and practices were made. Any principles or practices that were found to be inappropriate for the group, as well as reasons for not implementing some of King III`s recommendations, are disclosed in the integrated report for the financial year ended 31 March 2011. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES The financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2011 have been prepared in accordance with IAS 34 and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the requirements of the South African Companies Act, No 61 of 1973, and in compliance with the Listings Requirements of the JSE Limited. Except as noted below, accounting policies used are consistent with those applied in the previous annual financial statements and IFRS. These results have been audited by the company`s auditor, PricewaterhouseCoopers Inc., whose unqualified report is available for inspection at the registered office of the company. The group adopted the following new standards and amendments for the year ended 31 March 2011: IAS 7 "Statement of Cash Flows" has been amended and now requires changes in interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control to be recorded in financing activities as opposed to investing activities. This amendment is effective retrospectively, resulting in the restatement of the statement of cash flows. Preference dividends received are now recorded in investing activities as opposed to financing activities. The total amount reallocated to investing activities was R404m for the year ended 31 March 2010. IFRS 3 Revised "Business Combinations" and IAS 27 Revised "Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements" were adopted. The effect of these standards is recorded in the line item "Gains on acquisitions and disposals" on the income statement. These items are adjusted for in the calculation of headline and core headline earnings. MWEB is now reported in the pay-television rather than the internet segment. It is working on technologies to deliver video content. Comparative segmental results have been restated in accordance with IFRS 8 "Operating Segments". Our share of associates` other comprehensive income and reserves relates mainly to the revaluation of the associates` available for sale investments. Core headline earnings exclude once-off and non-operating items. We believe that it is a useful measure for shareholders of the group`s sustainable operating performance. However, this is not a defined term under IFRS and may not be comparable with similarly titled measures reported by other companies. SIGNIFICANT ACQUISITIONS In August 2010 the group consolidated its internet interests in Russia, acquiring a 28,7% interest in Digital Sky Technologies (DST), a prominent internet company in Russian-speaking markets. In consideration, the group contributed its 39,3% investment in Mail.ru and US$388m in cash. In August 2010 the group acquired 68% of OLX for US$144m cash. This is a classifieds business operating mainly in emerging markets, especially in Latin America. In December 2010 the group increased its stake to 71,5%. In September 2010 the group acquired 74% of Multiply Inc. for US$44m in cash. This unit combines social networking with an online marketplace focused on south-east Asia, and fits well within the group`s internet strategy. In December 2010 the group acquired 100% of Level Up! International Holdings, an online game publisher, for US$51m. On behalf of the board Ton Vosloo Koos Bekker Chairman Managing director Cape Town 27 June 2011 Revenue Year ended 31 March
Segmental 2011 2010 % Review R`m R`m Change Pay television 21 025 17 603 19 Internet 12 092 8 237 47 - Tencent 7 215 4 874 48 - Other 4 877 3 363 45 Print 10 758 10 204 5 Technology 1 228 1 207 2 Economic interest 45 103 37 251 21 Corporate services - - - Less: Associates (12 018) (9 253) 30 Consolidated 33 085 27 998 18 EBITDA Year ended 31 March Segmental 2011 2010 % Review R`m R`m Change Pay television 6 542 5 851 12 Internet 3 945 2 697 46 - Tencent 3 795 2 542 49 - Other 150 155 (3) Print 1 194 1 232 (3) Technology 188 98 92 Economic interest 11 869 9 878 20 Corporate services (239) (230) 4 Less: Associates (4 481) (3 152) 42 Consolidated 7 149 6 496 10 Trading profit Year ended 31 March
Segmental 2011 2010 % Review R`m R`m Change Pay television 5 727 5 232 9 Internet 3 493 2 362 48 - Tencent 3 543 2 363 50 - Other (50) (1) +100 Print 872 896 (3) Technology 128 47 +100 Economic interest 10 220 8 537 20 Corporate services (240) (232) 3 Less: Associates (4 142) (2 858) 45 Consolidated 5 838 5 447 7 Note: Trading profit excludes amortisation of intangible assets (other than software) and other gains/losses, but includes the finance cost on transponder leases. Year ended Year ended
31 March 31 March Reconciliation of Trading Profit 2011 2010 to Operating Profit R`m R`m Trading profit 5 838 5 447 Finance cost on transponder leases 144 93 Amortisation of intangible assets (1 045) (1 135) Other gains/(losses) - net (881) (364) Operating profit 4 056 4 041 Note: For a reconciliation of operating profit to profit before taxation, refer to the "Consolidated income statement". Year ended Year ended 31 March 31 March
Consolidated Income 2011 2010 % Statement R`m R`m Change Revenue 33 085 27 998 18 Cost of providing services and sale (17 794) (14 438) of goods Selling, general and administration (10 354) (9 155) expenses Other gains/(losses) - net (881) (364) Operating profit 4 056 4 041 Interest received 401 348 Interest paid (1 389) (883) Other finance income/(costs) - net (30) 114 Share of equity-accounted results 3 290 2 058 60 Impairment of equity-accounted (23) (62) investments Dilution gains on equity-accounted 1 461 - investments Gains on acquisitions and disposals 42 144 Income before taxation 7 808 5 760 36 Taxation (1 861) (1 808) Profit for the year 5 947 3 952 50 Attributable to: Equity holders of the group 5 260 3 257 Non-controlling interest 687 695 5 947 3 952 Core headline earnings for the 6 036 5 319 13 period (R`m) Core headline earnings per N 1 612 1 426 13 ordinary share (cents) Fully diluted core headline 1 550 1 386 12 earnings per N ordinary share (cents) Headline earnings for the period 4 213 3 297 28 (R`m) Headline earnings per N ordinary 1 125 884 27 share (cents) Fully diluted headline earnings per 1 082 859 26 N ordinary share (cents) Earnings per N ordinary share 1 405 873 61 (cents) Fully diluted earnings per N 1 351 848 59 ordinary share (cents) Net number of shares issued (`000) - At period-end 375 440 374 308 - Weighted average for the period 374 501 372 951 - Fully diluted weighted average 389 465 383 820 Year ended Year ended Condensed Consolidated 31 March 31 March Statement of Comprehensive 2011 2010 Income R`m R`m Profit for the year 5 947 3 952 Total other comprehensive income, net of 2 277 (2 047) tax, for the year Translation of foreign operations (461) (1 918) Cash flow hedges 126 (560) Share of associates` other comprehensive 2 622 250 income and reserves Tax on other comprehensive income (10) 181 Total comprehensive income for the year 8 224 1 905 Attributable to: Equity holders of the group 7 543 1 308 Non-controlling interest 681 597 8 224 1 905 Year ended Year ended
Condensed Consolidated 31 March 31 March Statement of Changes 2011 2010 in Equity R`m R`m Balance at beginning of the year 35 634 35 217 Changes in share capital and premium Movement in treasury shares (335) (1 041) Share capital and premium issued 253 433 Changes in reserves Total comprehensive income for the year 7 543 1 308 Movement in share-based compensation 508 498 reserve Movement in existing control business (63) (334) combination reserve Direct retained earnings movement (22) (22) Dividends paid to Naspers shareholders (882) (773) Changes in non-controlling interest Total comprehensive income for the year 681 597 Dividends paid to non-controlling (665) (311) shareholders Movement in non-controlling interest in 290 62 reserves Balance at end of the year 42 942 35 634 Comprising: Share capital and premium 14 384 14 466 Retained earnings 21 179 16 823 Share-based compensation reserve 2 300 1 573 Existing control business combination 25 98 reserve Hedging reserve (297) (408) Valuation reserve 4 256 1 844 Foreign currency translation reserve (1 185) (736) Non-controlling interest 2 280 1 974 Total 42 942 35 634 Year ended Year ended 31 March 31 March Condensed Consolidated 2011 2010 Statement of Financial Position R`m R`m ASSETS Non-current assets 53 610 44 342 Property, plant and equipment 7 561 6 490 Goodwill 17 278 16 620 Other intangible assets 3 886 4 976 Investment in associates 20 767 11 942 Other investments and loans 3 301 3 500 Deferred taxation 817 814 Current assets 16 245 13 126 Inventory 731 693 Programme and film rights 1 487 1 298 Trade receivables 2 929 2 438 Other receivables and loans 2 330 1 900 Cash and cash equivalents 8 731 6 785 Assets classified as held-for-sale 37 12 Total assets 69 855 57 468 EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Share capital and reserves 40 662 33 660 Non-controlling shareholders` interest 2 280 1 974 Total equity 42 942 35 634 Non-current liabilities 14 951 10 892 Capitalised finance leases 1 893 1 736 Liabilities - interest-bearing 10 822 6 983 Liabilities - non-interest-bearing 178 51 Post-retirement medical liability 179 178 Derivatives 714 684 Deferred taxation 1 165 1 260 Current liabilities 11 962 10 942 Current portion of long-term debt 1 510 1 675 Trade payables 1 915 1 721 Accrued expenses and other current 6 608 5 740 liabilities Derivatives 599 847 Bank overdrafts and call loans 1 330 959 Total equity and liabilities 69 855 57 468 Net asset value per N ordinary share 10 831 8 993 (cents) Year ended Year ended 31 March 31 March
Condensed Consolidated 2011 2010 Statement of Cash Flows R`m R`m Cash flow from operating activities 5 271 5 622 Cash flow utilised in investing activities (5 778) (4 752) Cash flow generated from/(utilised in) 2 513 (169) financing activities Net movement in cash and cash equivalents 2 006 701 Foreign exchange translation adjustments (431) (678) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of 5 826 5 803 the year Cash and cash equivalents at end of the 7 401 5 826 year Year ended Year ended 31 March 31 March Calculation of Headline 2011 2010 and Core Headline Earnings R`m R`m Net profit attributable to shareholders 5 260 3 257 Adjusted for: - insurance proceeds (51) (369) - impairment of property, plant and 25 225 equipment and other assets - impairment and derecognition of goodwill 1 035 384 and intangible assets - profit on sale of property, plant and (407) (229) equipment and intangible assets - profit on sale of investments (152) (120) - dilution gains on equity-accounted (1 461) - investments - remeasurements included in equity- (28) 30 accounted earnings - impairment of equity-accounted 23 62 investments 4 244 3 240 Total tax effects of adjustments (27) 7 Total adjustments for non-controlling (4) 50 interest Headline earnings 4 213 3 297 Adjusted for: - treasury-settled share scheme charges 488 418 - prior year withholding taxes - 121 - reversal of deferred tax assets 13 253 - amortisation of intangible assets 1 052 922 - Welkom Yizani refinancing - 330 - fair value adjustments and currency 18 (22) translation differences - RCF - accelerated amortisation of costs 128 - - acquisition-related costs 124 - Core headline earnings 6 036 5 319 Year ended Year ended 31 March 31 March 2011 2010 Supplementary Information R`m R`m Depreciation of property, plant and 1 040 878 equipment Amortisation 1 172 1 213 - intangible assets 1 045 1 135 - software 127 78 Other gains/(losses) - net (881) (364) - profit/(loss) on sale of property, plant 42 (47) and equipment and intangible assets - impairment and derecognition of goodwill (1 035) (384) and intangible assets - impairment of intangible assets (33) (225) - Welkom Yizani refinancing - (330) - insurance proceeds 51 369 - profit on transponder lease settlement 88 253 - fair value adjustment on shareholders` 6 - liability Interest received 401 348 - loans and bank accounts 308 314 - other 93 34 Interest paid (1 389) (883) - loans and overdrafts (883) (600) - transponder leases (144) (93) - RCF costs - accelerated amortisation (128) - - other (234) (190) Other finance income/(costs) - net (30) 114 - net foreign exchange differences and fair (247) (154) value adjustments on derivatives - preference dividends received 217 268 Gains on acquisition and disposals 42 144 - profit on sale of investments 34 144 - profit on partial disposal of investments 72 - - acquisition-related costs (109) - - other 45 - Goodwill - cost 17 051 15 407 - accumulated impairment (431) (49) Opening balance 16 620 15 358 - foreign currency translation effects (510) (1 163) - acquisitions 1 885 2 807 - contingent consideration adjustment (49) - - impairment and derecognition (668) (382) Closing balance 17 278 16 620 - cost 18 371 17 051 - accumulated impairment (1 093) (431) Investments and loans 24 068 15 442 - listed investments 16 874 4 646 - unlisted investments 7 194 10 796 Market value of listed investments 137 735 92 843 Directors` valuation of unlisted 7 194 10 796 investments Commitments 16 997 18 626 - capital expenditure 401 527 - programme and film rights 7 744 8 698 - network and other service commitments 700 656 - transponder leases 6 787 7 689 - operating lease commitments 896 697 - set-top box commitments 469 359 Share of equity-accounted results 3 290 2 058 - dilution gains (39) (64) - foreign currency translation reserve (29) - release - impairment of investments 24 - - (gains)/losses on acquisitions and (262) 100 disposals Contribution to headline earnings 2 984 2 094 - amortisation of intangible assets 355 180 - treasury-settled share scheme charges 227 148 - business combination costs 15 - - reversal of deferred taxation 13 101 Contribution to core headline earnings 3 594 2 523 Tencent 3 164 2 148 Mail.ru 152 70 Abril 250 318 Other 28 (13) Business combinations In August 2010 the group acquired a 67,8% fully diluted interest in OLX Inc., an online classifieds business. The fair value of the total purchase consideration was R1 044m (US$144m) cash. The purchase price allocation (PPA): PP&E R3m; intangible assets R260m; cash R237m; other current assets R59m; trade and other payables R35m; deferred tax liability R103m and the balance to goodwill. The main factor contributing to the goodwill recognised is the company`s presence in the classifieds sector in emerging markets. The recognised goodwill is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. A non-controlling interest of R51m was recognised at the acquisition date. This was measured using the proportionate share of the identifiable net assets. In December 2010 the group increased its total economic interest to 71,5% on a fully diluted basis. This was accounted for as a transaction with non- controlling interests. The revenue and results from OLX since the acquisition date were not significant to the group`s consolidated results. In September 2010 the group acquired a 73,9% fully diluted interest in Multiply Inc. which combines social networking with an online marketplace. The fair value of the total purchase consideration was R311m (US$44m) in cash. The group increased its holding in Multiply to 74,5% during November. The preliminary PPA: PP&E R7m; intangible assets R80m; cash R3m; trade and other receivables R2m; trade and other payables R1m; deferred tax liability R24m; and the balance to goodwill. The main factor contributing to the goodwill recognised is the company`s significant user base in emerging markets. The recognised goodwill is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. A non-controlling interest of R17m was recognised at the acquisition date, and was measured using the proportionate share of the identifiable net assets. The revenue and results from Multiply since the acquisition date were not significant to the group`s consolidated results. In December 2010 the group acquired 100% of Level Up! International Holdings for a cash purchase consideration of R365m (US$51m). A PPA has not yet been performed and the difference between the net asset value and purchase consideration of R279m was allocated to goodwill. In February 2011 the group acquired 77,7% of Dineromail, Latam`s leading internet payment solution, for a cash purchase consideration of R206m (US$28m). A PPA has not yet been performed and the difference between the net asset value and purchase consideration of R181m was allocated to goodwill. Total acquisition-related costs of R109m were recorded in "Gains on acquisitions and disposals" in the income statement. Had the revenues and net results of all business combinations that occurred in the period been included from 1 April 2010 it would not have had a significant effect on the group`s consolidated revenue and net results. Directors T Vosloo (chairman) J P Bekker (managing director) F-A du Plessis G J Gerwel R C C Jafta L N Jonker D Meyer S J Z Pacak T M F Phaswana L P Retief B J van der Ross N P van Heerden J J M van Zyl H S S Willemse Company secretary G Kisbey-Green Registered office Transfer secretaries 40 Heerengracht, Cape Town 8001 Link Market Services South Africa (Proprietary) Limited (PO Box 2271, Cape Town 8000) 11 Diagonal Street, Johannesburg 2001 (PO Box 4844, Johannesburg 2000) ADR programme The Bank of New York Mellon maintains a GlobalBuyDIRECTTM plan for Naspers Limited. For additional information, please visit The Bank of New York`s website at (www.globalbuydirect.com) or call Shareholder Relations at 1-888- BNY-ADRS or 1-800-345-1612 or write to: The Bank of New York Mellon, Shareholder Relations Department - GlobalBuyDIRECTTM, Church Street Station, PO Box 11258, New York, NY 10286-1258, USA. Important information The report contains forward-looking statements as defined in the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as "believe", "anticipate", "intend", "seek", "will", "plan", "could", "may", "endeavour" and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward- looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. While these forward-looking statements represent our judgements and future expectations, a number of risks, uncertainties and other important factors could cause actual developments and results to differ materially from our expectations. These include factors that could adversely affect our businesses and financial performance. We are not under any obligation to (and expressly disclaim any such obligation to) update or alter our forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements contained herein. For a more detailed exposition, visit the Naspers website at www.naspers.com Sponsor: Investec Bank Limited Date: 27/06/2011 09:00:01 Supplied by www.sharenet.co.za Produced by the JSE SENS Department. The SENS service is an information dissemination service administered by the JSE Limited (`JSE`). The JSE does not, whether expressly, tacitly or implicitly, represent, warrant or in any way guarantee the truth, accuracy or completeness of the information published on SENS. The JSE, their officers, employees and agents accept no liability for (or in respect of) any direct, indirect, incidental or consequential loss or damage of any kind or nature, howsoever arising, from the use of SENS or the use of, or reliance on, information disseminated through SENS.

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